SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 
    345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 
    353, 354, 355
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00072

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories ALL PRIMARY,pt 313 Using where; Using filesort
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 cscart_dev_4_16.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where

Result

product_id category_ids
1 190M
337 190M
338 190M
339 190M
340 190M
341 190M
342 190M
343 190M
344 190M
345 190M
346 190M
347 190M
348 190M
349 190M
350 190M
351 190M
352 190M
353 190M
354 190M
355 190M